ALIENATION OF LABOR.

THE ALIENATION OF LABOR.

KARL MARX

According to Karl Marx; in his manuscript called “Economic and Philosophical Manuscript of 1844” which masterminded alienation, says in capitalism epoch, the workers are free as compared with the slave and the serfs, but they do not own the means of production, and in order to survive, they must sell their labor to the capitalist which are bought at just a meager sum. 

This means that the individual’s labor has been alienated. According to Kant, alienation means selling or giving something away. To Marx, man is alienated from:

1.  Nature

2.  Himself

3.  His species-being and

4.  Other men.

Alienation from nature: - man is by nature which lives within nature (environment) and depend on nature (natural resource). The sensual external world “nature is continuous interchange in order not to die”. 

Therefore man is in intimate relationship with both physical (body and products) and mental (natural resources) and to the object of nature (man) thus nature is interdependent – man depends on his sense and use natural resources to produce something suitable for his living.

This relationship is broken in capitalism – man is alienated from nature (his sense) and the products of his activity, work and labor.

 The embodiment of man’s labor into an object which is turn into a physical thing is a product called “objectification of labor” man puts his life into what he produces thus becomes objectified and then alienated from what he has produced – “the worker puts his life into the object and his life then belongs no longer to himself, but to the object; and the object is owned by someone else – the capitalist”.

Alienation from himself: - this is alienation by the process of production. Mans work is not voluntary; but impose upon him; he has a felling of misery instead of well-felling. 

He denies himself and fulfills the wills of the work. 

He does not freely develop his physical and mental capacity but is instead, physically exhausted and mentally debased – the machines at the work factories determine how man should behave and work. 

The worker then fells like human being only during his leisure hours – break time. The reason why he is alienated is that, the worker is not for himself but for the employer (capitalist).

Alienation from man’s species-being:-the species characters of human being is free will, free conscious, and free acting. Man is alienated from his truly human nature – “man makes his life activities themselves an object of his free will and consciousness”. 

Although animals can produce nests and dwellings as in birds, ants, but their production of things is limited to what is strictly required for themselves and their young ones. Man on the other hand produces universally – he produces in the manner which every human being should understand and be applicable to all human being. 

The worker feels himself to be freely active in his animal functions thus eating, drinking and procreation – activities done by animals. This denotes that man has been alienated and reduced from his species being to the species of animals. 

Alienation from other men: - the alienation of man from the products of his labor, from his productivity or activities and from his species-being all leads to the alienation of man to other men. There is the breakdown of human relationship. 

Man sees his fellow man as a worker whose labor is bought and sold but not a full member of the society. There is no trust for his fellows and he sees his fellow as exploiters therefore separates himself from them.

KARL MARX’S FIVE EPOCHS OF THE SOCIETY

         KARL MARX’S FIVE EPOCHS OF THE SOCIETY

KARL H. MARX

 Karl Marx; in his Communist Manifesto, tried to explain the power struggle which generated and emerged in the society in terms “the law of motion” which turns the society into the battle of competition. 

With the help of the Hegelian concept of Dialectic movement, he found history as the phase of these changes. 

However, he was influenced by Feuerbach which made him reject the concept of Hegel but accepted and adapted his theories of Dialectic movement and developed it to be the Dialectic Materialistic.  This concept involved the material aspect of the society as the cause of the struggle. 

This is due to the fact that, the dialectic movement which represents a struggle of opposite by conflict and contradiction, did not just emerge but through the material things that man used to produce things like food for his living. 

In an attempt to go into this historic struggle; he found out and distinguished five “particular historic phases” which Marx indicated that, the class struggle is bound up with. These were termed as “the five Epochs”.

These epochs were: primitive communal, slave, feudal, capitalist and, as a prediction of the things to come, the socialist and communist phase. In these epochs, there is a class conflict which set them in motion to move from one stage to another.

This movement of conflict writes the history of the society and life. Marx’s main reason of the law of motion is to discover not only what history has produced these epochs but also the reasons why these particular epochs have unfolded as they are.

Primitive communal is the first epoch. In this epoch everything was free, there was unity among men. There also existed a harmonious living as well as interdependency among men.

However, due to the struggle of a few to take over as the “Lords” – introduction of class emerged – and lead to the birth of the next epoch – slave.

SLAVE

In the slave epoch the relationship was between the “Lords” (aristocrats) and the “Serfs” (slaves). The slaves have to show devotion and hard service for a reward from the owner. 

They need to be humbled to their masters so as the land (factor of production) that is given them will not be taken away to enhance their ability to live. 

With the same dialectic conflict that commenced among the lords due to dissatisfaction, power struggle, education, economic and politics, the history continues to the feudal system.

FEUDALISM 

As the historical perspective in Marxism; the process by which human creation and interdependency through the various parts of the society thus: economic, political, legal, education, family and religion are interconnected and influenced each other in motion.

These influences can only be understood in terms of their effect on man. 

The economic factor is the primary force that generated feudalism and primarily exerted influence on man which shapes the other aspect of the society.

 It evolved the process of human nature through tension and conflict which gives birth to social change. This change does not occur freely but comes with contradiction – the source of tension and conflict. 

In feudalism, there was the social contract between the lords (bourgeoisie) and the serfs (proletariat). The only distinctive feature here is that, the serfs are given factors of production through their effectiveness and humility towards their lords – the factor of production was not bought with money. 

The other members who do not own the factors of production are given by the owner and at the end; the fruit of their labor is shared into certain proportion which favors the worker. Afterwards, the land is given back to the owner – land was not sold. 

A typical example in the Ghanaian context is the “do ma yenkye” practice among the Akans and the other tribes.

As history is still in motion, the other parts of the society such as education influence the exodus from feudalism to capitalism.

CAPITALISM.

Capitalism according to Marx is the total distinction and destruction of the society. It begins right from childhood; how parents brings up their children to live on their own as well as how they should deal with life so as they could become somebody in future – this brought the individualistic nature of capitalism. 

The servant (Employees) on the other hand’s way of capitalism is selling his labor for money. By so doing only scanty money is given to the servant for his labor which paves way for alienation to set in. 

Marx view of history here is often referred to as dialectical materialism since people’s ideas are primarily reflection of the social relationship of economic production.Karl Marx; in his Communist Manifesto, tried to explain

 Marx view of history here is often referred to as dialectical materialism since people’s ideas are primarily reflection of the social relationship of economic production.

CRITICAL THINKING IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP

CRITICAL THINKING IN INTIMATE RELATIONSHIP

According to George Eliot, our survival as social beings depends in large part on our interpersonal relationships as well as interpersonal communication. “How perfect and unique a relationship would be and become commence from the initiator” (Karl Marx). 

Critical thinking as defined as simply as the ability to engage in reasoning discourse with intellectual standards such as clarity, accuracy, precision and logic, and to use analytic skills with fundamental value orientation that emphasises intellectual humility, integrity and fair mindedness, is very crucial and  a vital spice in our relationships. 

Without critical and creative thinking, our relationships become stunted and easily fragmented by the little bullets of crises 

There are many types of relationships. Amongst them is dyadic relationship which is described as the ancestor of every relationship. It is the rose flower which attracts pests and insects because of its succulent scents and pleasantries. Every relationship begins with the first two people – how effective they manage it; breeds a triadic relationship. 

Triadic relationships emerge from dyadic partners. This type of relationship demands a critical thinking and thinker as well to maintain and balance it – if not, it is easily sent to its grave. The rationale being that: if care is not taken, two counterparts may turn to love each other than the remaining partner. 

When communication is also not managed well, it is easy to trigger hatred, dishonesty as well as conflict among the partners. Therefore, it requires a perfect planning of task by the holders to make it a very unique one.

The cogent type of relationship which requires a proper thinking and displaying of all the basic pivotal figures of critical thinking is the casual and intimate relationship. 

It could be between mother and child, husband and wife, father and children, and a family as a whole. This relationship needs a special attention and attendance. 

It can make and unmake life. This type of relationship could be so devastating if not controlled with critical thinking. 

Another unique and an extra-ordinary type of relationship which critical thinking needs to  be operated with – like electricity and water  is, dating, love and marital relationship. It is an ordained and a predestined type of relationship which cannot be eradicated from life’s endeavour. 

This relationship is so sacrosanct and requires to be held with critical thinking and care. As the popular saying goes “behind any successful man is a woman”, so as “behind any unsuccessful man is a catastrophic and a disastrous woman”. 

Each partner could contract heart attack, go in sane, and even loose their lives if it is not approached with care. It requires a careful planning, studying as well as the willingness of each partner to forgo life’s comfort at the expense of the other. 

They must also forgo their whims and caprices as well as their parochial interest to make the relationship the healthy one. Its’ mishandling could affect the innocent children who emerge out of it.

How ever, critical thinkers are able to note and apply the following in any of their relationships.

Supportive and defensive climates: These are dominant periods in any given relationship – It could be sweet honey or bitter bile. The supportive climates are the pleasant aspects or times you enjoy in the relationship. 

When you find yourself in luxuries, wealth and good times, you should bare in mind that no condition is permanent – things could easily change from best to worse. 

On the other hand, the defensive climates are the conditions in the relationship that make us unsure or threatened. When such storms hit the relationship, they must think critically to restore things as quick as possible. They must prevent counter-blast but ensure terms of endearments to quench the blazing flame in the relationship.

Dependencies and counter dependencies. Aristotle said “no one is an island of his own”. He also said “it is evident that the state is creature of nature, and that man is by nature a social animal – therefore, he who has no need because he is self sufficient, must be either a beast or a god”. 

 Our indigenous people say “the left hand washes the right hand and vice versa”. Each partner must be willing to extend a helping arm to the other. They must support each other when things are not going well. 

How ever, this does not mean there should be unnecessary expenditure in the relationship. Partners should minimise cost in the relationship to its minimum level to maintain a smooth platform for the relationship when financial break down happens and also to maintain neutral dependency grounds in the relationship – unnecessary expenditure brings the relationship to a halt when things are not the same as it were from the beginning. 

Progressive and regressive spirals in the relationship are recognized by critical thinkers. These are the continuous harmful increase or decrease in the relationship, that gets its’ faster progress or faster regress. 

Partners must be cautious about their behaviour  conduct as well as their interpersonal communication. These behaviours can either be fertile grounds for the growth of the relationship or the wind spread devastating fire which could decongest the vital aspect of the relationship.

 Respect, obedience and truthfulness should also be held at a high esteem in the relationship. Each member must respect the views of the other. Partners should not think their views are the best and turn to be autocrats or dictators in the relationship because knowledge is not found in one person’s head – two heads are better than one. 

Partners should also think critically to obey and abide by the likes and dislikes of the other. 

Truthfulness is another vital tool in relationship. “It takes thousand years to build trust but it takes a second to break trust” (Aristotle). Little-little lies could generate mistrust in the relationship which allows little rumours to turn off the fire in the relationship.  

  The final straw that breaks the camel’s back is the exchange of gifts and showing of gratitude to each partner. Partners must appreciate what ever the other donates to them. Petty-petty gifts en-kindle the smooth run of the relationship.